3.11 Sadly, that is not all. Additional obstacles are sometimes created by the very structures and organisational arrangements operated by policy-makers, funders, administrators and providers of learning, supposedly to promote it. At times they include unnecessary complexity and bureaucracy, confusing overlaps and wasteful duplication. Problems arise from rigid departmentalism and the lack of any semblance of a strategic overview. On occasion, they arise from professional conflicts and a narrowness of approach amounting to little short of 'turf wars', concerned less with the needs of learners than the interests of professionals, fighting for their own neck of the woods, to the neglect of the whole forest. Such unacceptable barriers can occur at virtually any level: they need to be acknowledged by those in authority and tackled with energy and determination.

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